2。 Team—games—tournament (TGT), is one of the earliest cooperative learning approach created in Johns Hopkins University。 Similarly to STAD, it involves teacher’s teaching and group work。 The difference is that TGT replaces the test with weekly races。 In the races, three students from different groups compete with each other around a “race table” in order to win the points for their own group。 The competitors are those students who have the similar records。 To make it fairer, there is a process called “bumping”。 In other words, the competitors around “race table” change every week according to their performances in the race。 The winner in every group acquires the same point for their group, no matter in which “race table” he/she is。 That means those students who learn slowly have equal opportunity to win points for their group as those students who learn quickly。 The groups that get good grades can gain recognition or other rewards。

3。 Jigsaw, was invented by a social psychologist Elliot Aronson and his colleagues in 1971。 The approach splits classes into mixed groups to work on small problems that the group collates into a final outcome。 For instance, an in-class assignment is pided into topics。 Students are then split into groups with one member assigned to each topic。 Working inpidually, each student learns about his or her topic and presents it to their group。 Next, students gather into groups pided by topic。 Each member presents to the topic group again。 In same-topic groups, students reconcile points of view and synthesize information。 They create a final report。 Finally, the original groups reconvene and listen to presentations from each member。 The final presentations provide all group members with an understanding of their own material, as well as the findings that have emerged from topic-specific group discussion。来*自-优=尔,论:文+网www.chuibin.com

4。 Learning together (LT), an effective model set up by Johnson Brothers。 In this model, four or five people are in a group。 They need to accomplish the appointed assignment sheets。 Each group only need to hands in a piece of assignment sheet。 Commendations and rewards are given on the basis of group’s performance。