2。 Literature Review

In terms of the study of The Old Man and the Sea, predecessors mainly explore the novel from the perspective of the symbolic meanings of characters。 In Wu Xuling’s paper Interpretation of multiple symbols in The Old Man and the Sea, he regards Santiago as the embodiment of the whole human progress; regards the little boy as the future of the old man; regards the shark as the symbol of evil; regards the lion as the symbol of brave and confident (2002)。 However, in Zhao Wenbo’s paper Multiple interpretations of the symbolic meaning of The Old Man and the Sea, he interprets the symbolism from the aspects of character, history, philosophy, religion (2009)。 Beside from the view of the symbolism, many people study the novel from its language features。 Such as Zhao Qi’s article Study on the language features of foreign literary works The Old Man and the Sea, he reads the book from the language’s implicitness and repeatability (2015)。 But in Zhang Qian’s paper, he reads the novel from the angle of language style and metaphor (2015)。 

When coming to the Iceberg Theory, most scholars are in favor of this theory。 In his book The Modern Short Story: A Critical Survey, British critics Herbert Ernest Bates writes: ‘‘Hemingway is just like a man with an axe and the Iceberg Theory omits almost all the explanations, discussions and comments in language, so do the beautiful metaphor。 This theory tries to cut out all the obstacles which block the readers’ eyes。 But it doesn’t mean that it cuts the leaves of trees。 It just wants to show a clear scene just like branches to readers (1972)。’’ Betts believes that the iceberg theory ‘‘causes a literary revolution (1972)。’’ However, some scholars disagree with these views。 For example, an American critic Elder regards this theory as ‘‘an evasive tactics’’, “away to create a mood of emotional atmosphere”, which ignores some important clues of the novel。 来*自~优|尔^论:文+网www.chuibin.com +QQ752018766*

With the movement of western feminist, many women asked for the equality between men and women。 In the third wave of feminist movement, ecofeminism is an important school。 Predecessors analyze the ecofeminism from its background, definition, characteristics, schools and ideas。 In her book Study on Ecofeminism, Zhao Yuanyuan analyzes ecofeminism from the three foundations of ecological feminism: the philosophical basis, the ethical value basis and the practical basis (2012)。 However, in Mai Mu’s book, he mainly studies the origin of ecofeminism and its characteristics (2013)。 In the paper, I will analyze the ecofeminism’s characteristics from the perspective of the relationship between the oppression of women and the degradation of nature。 

This article will focus on the ecofeminism from the view of seven-eighths iceberg through analyzing the roles of the sea and the little boy。 Then through the relationship between the sea and women as well as men, this thesis will analyze the oppression of patriarchal hierarchy to women and women’s resistance to oppression of patriarchal hierarchy from the perspective of seven-eighths iceberg。 Finally, the paper will explore the gender relations from the relationship between the old man and the little boy。