杰克•伦敦个人主义和社会主义的信仰矛盾
关键词 杰克•伦敦 社会主义 个人主义 阿尔杰式英雄 矛盾信仰
毕业论文外文摘要
Title Jack London’s Dilemma: A Life Between Socialism and Inpidualism
Abstract
Jack London was an American idealistic critical writer. His Iron Heel once provided American socialism with an outstanding socialist theory. However, while studying his works, many critical scholars found out that Jack London also had an interest in inpidualism which was embodied in Nietzsche’s superman theory; he even considered himself as a representative of Horatio Alger hero. Thus, based on Jack London’s presentations of socialism and inpidualism in his works, this thesis will explore his interpretations of these two contradictory beliefs. Also, by analyzing his personal experiences and ideological changes during different times in his life, this paper will also focus on the reasons of his faith’s conversion from socialism to inpidualism, which will help readers have a more comprehensive understandings of Jack London.
Keywords Jack London socialism inpidualism Horatio Alger hero faith’s conversion
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 London's Dilemma 1
1.2 Previous Studies and Research Design 2
2 Jack London and Socialism in Iron Heel 6
2.1 London's Early Life and Socialism 6
2.2 Socialism in The Iron Heel 6
3 Jack London and Inpidualism in The Sea-Wolf 9
3.1 London's Inpidualism Embodied in Superman Theory 9
3.2 Wolf Larsen: A Superman in The Sea-Wolf 10
4 Nietzsche-Horatio Alger Hero in Martin Eden and the Dilemma 12
4.1 The Product of the dilemma: Nietzsche-Horatio Alger Hero 12
4.2 A Nietzsche-Horatio Alger Hero in Martin Eden 12
4.3 London's Attitudes Towards "the People Of the Pit" 14
5 The Causes and the Outcomes of London’s Dilemma 16
Conclusion 19
Acknowledge 20
References 21
1 Introduction
1.1 London’s Dilemma
Jack London (1876-1916) is regarded as one of the greatest critical writers during the early 20th century. In his works, London presented several unique characters to reflect human and social problems during the turn of the century. Yet at the same time, he also left his readers a question-- why London’s political orientation became so different after he turned to be rich? After studying London’s works and life, many scholars believed that the faith’s conversion of London was related to his dilemma of having two contradictory beliefs-- socialism and inpidualism. London was attracted by both Marx’s socialism and Nietzsche’s superman theory (a representative theory of inpidualism), but he found it difficult for him to decide which one was his favorite. After one of the most controversial work The Sea-Wolf was published, many critics doubted the intentional meaning of this work, since it revealed London’s interests in both theories. However, in London’s responding declaration, he claimed that “the underlying tendency [of The Sea-Wolf] was to prove that the superman cannot be successful in modern life” (as cited in Rothberg, 1980, p. 569). However, the public soon regarded the announcement as a lie since in London’s own life, he cannot prove that he merely believed in socialist theory. A good deal of evidence showed his intention to apply Nietzsche’s superman theory to socialism, which was a difficult goal to realize because of the significant differences between these two theories. Nonetheless, though it is hard for us to know London’s exact preference of these two beliefs, it will still be necessary to study London’s dilemma and his confusions and know how to avoid the similar dilemma in our own ways of searching for the Truth.
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