铁路桥英文文献和中文翻译(3)
For reasons of economic efficiency and to reduce noise emissions, the deck slab and the cycle path slab were designed as reinforced concrete slabs, supported by steel cross girders at distance between 3.33m and 3.57m. By choosing effective prefabricated slabs with cast in-situ supplement, laborious form-works were not necessary. In the architect's design, V-shaped piles were planned onto which the superstructure is placed transversally rigid The load-bearing structure is founded on driven piles made of prestressed concrete, which are common in the Netherlands, with cross section dimensions of bid - 450/450 tnm.. Figure 7: The foot and cycle path For structural and dynamic calculations of the superstructure, the steel structure was represented as spatial bending-stiffbar system and the composite reinforced concrete slab by finite elements was included into this model. The truss nodes, arch base points as well as bearing points and transverse bulkheads were described by finite element method and integrated into the bar system for dimensioning. In this way complicatc:d considerations of bearing conditions of separate systems became unnecessary. Moreover, effects of stiffnesses of the large truss nodes on calculations and the deformation behaviour of the bar system. could be determined. Also represented in the system. were the piles to incorporate the :infl.uence of the pile foundations.
It should be emphasized that the selected continuous system :fulfils durability require-ments of the load-bearing structure as well as the track: superstructure. The client wilt not have to support high maintenance costs caused by a ballast bed prone to wear and deforma-tions. 5. Systems Engineering The client prescribed systems engineering for design of the load-bearing structure, which means in general a method to design and control complex development and design processes in SlWh a way that project requirements result in an optimised ovcra1l design. Not only the final product should be discernible but also alternative solutions, decisions and thcir hnpacts. The structure of the design process, called the system breakdown st:nK:turc: (SBS), is described in a series of documents based on the client's specifications and the requirements from construction rules and regulations. Variant studies, compared to each other in a so-called trade-off matrix, provide infonna-tion about functional, qualitative and financial risk assessment as well schedule-related risks of different design concepts. A trade-off matrix and verification plans guarantee that all requirements are met. Other components of the SBS are RAMS analysis and safety analysis that descnoe and document in which form and by which precautionary measures the design can :fuIfi1 the required conditions. The global system design and all detailed designs derived from the system design are subjected to this process. Through constant and close dialogue and discussions with the cli-ent of all design approaches this procedure ensures the desired optimum design success and reduces through documented self-<:ODtrol the extent of testing by the client to spot check controls. Systems engineering had also been stipulated for construction execution to make sure that the requirements included in the final design as well as the additional requirements for construction site operation were: taken into account The structure of the design process, called work breakdown structure (WBS), comprises more compreheosive subjects for example the execution of construction site investigations, environmental measures, protection of third party objects such as cables and conducts, ap-provals, tests and surveying are just some of the necessary measures to be taken. Another part of systems engineering is risk management which can encompass toler-ances of the load-bearing structure or schedule-related risks such as public permissions that are obtained with delay. The result of this work process is a load-bearing structure that meets present and future functional and economic requirements.
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