And the next word we are going to discuss is “culture”。 Broadly speaking, culture refers to the sum of all materials and spiritual products created by man。 In the narrow sense, culture focuses on all the ideologies, such as languages, literatures and arts。论文网

After resulting on the Internet and books, there is no exact definition of ghost culture。 As far as I’m concerned, in the narrow sense, ghost culture refers to all the ideologies about ghosts, concluding ghost literature, ghost arts, ghost custom and so on。 Broadly speaking, ghost culture refers to the sum of all material and spiritual products about ghosts, which are created by man。

3。 Compare Ancient Chinese Ghost Culture to Ancient Western Ghost Culture

     Both Chinese ancient ghost culture and western ancient ghost culture were born in the primitive society, and growing up healthily and strongly in the soil of religions。

3。1 The origins and the initial development of Chinese and western ghost culture

     The ghost culture of our country was born in the soil of primitive society。 At the same time, with the development of Chinese history, it has experienced a process of continuous enrichment, variation and renewal。 Chinese ancient ghost culture had a profound influence on economy, politics and ideology of ancient Chinese society。 For example, the development of ghost culture, resulting in the prevalence of luxurious burial, making a large number of property was wasted, to some extent, hindered the development of social economy。 On the other hand, the prevalence of ghost culture greatly influenced the political life of ancient China。 During the period of the rule of man and the rule of God in the ancient times,“ghost”was superior to all politics。 And Chinese ghost culture should be attributed to the Buddhist classics。 The ancient rulers   tried to control the ruling class by using the theories: reincarnation, bounce back to bad people and they will go to the bottom of the hell。

     From the pre-qin period, ghost stories were passed down by mouths to mouths。 Speaking of the origin and development of ghost culture in literature, apart from the Buddhist classics, there are some literary work must mention。 In the pre-qin period, Shan Hai Jing, Legend of Spring and Autumn Century by Zuo Qiuming, are all put down in writings。 One of the most popular is The First Myth, Journey to the West and Strange Stories from Chinese Studio。 Only in literature can we see a humanized monkey, who called Sun Wukong, a humanized pig, who called Zhu Bajie。 In this fiction, not only human have soul and can think。 Even wild beasts and wild plants are given lives under the creation of Wu Chengen。 And the attitude towards ghosts has changed a lot。 From the very beginning, people are scared of ghosts, and then respect ghosts。 At last, they can even “play jokes” on ghosts。 In other words, ghosts images seem less serious in people’ s mind。文献综述

     About western ancient ghost culture。 On this thesis we mainly discuss about vampires。 There are two voices about the origin of vampire。 One is just as Chinese ghost culture rooted in religion and the western ghost culture rooted in Christianity。 Besides, western ghost culture originated in Bible。 According to the Bible, Adam and Eve were expelled from the garden of Eden, and then many of the children were born。 Cain was the oldest one among them, and he was the third human。 Cain was a farmer, who lived with his younger brother。 At one time, they offered sacrifices to God, the younger brother offered meat, while Cain offered the green vegetables, which naturally caused God’ s displeasure。 Therefore, Cain killed his brother。 And he tried to hide the truth。 After being exposed by God, God in order to punish him, letting him live on drinking human’s blood, and being immortal, suffering spurner。 According to Bible, the first vampire was Cain。 And there is an important information, vampires live on drinking human’s blood。 But in the US TV series The Vampire Diaries, Stefan occasionally drinks blood bags, sometimes, even animal blood。 Can we regard it as somehow vampire’s innovation or humanization?