In the third stage comes the development of Skopostheorie, leaded by Justa Holz Manttari and Christiane Nord。 The former focus on behavior of translation process, role of the participant and changes in translation process。 The latter put forward the fidelity rule, gave special attention to the translator's loyalty to the original author and the target text reader。(Nord 2001) Justa Holz Manttari developed functional translation theory further, and established behavioral translation theory。 He viewed translation as a complex activity to achieve a specific purpose。 And he focuses on the analysis of the role of the participants and the context conditions of the occurrence of the participant’s behavior。 Nord developed the theory of the first generation as an heir to the second generation。 She did a comprehensive and systematic arrangement in order to summarize the academic ideas of the functional school in Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained published in 1997。 She responded to a variety of criticism since the formation of functional translation one by one。 Therefore, she proposed the principle of function plus loyalty to surmount disadvantages。来,自,优.尔:论;文*网www.chuibin.com +QQ752018766-

2。2 Tree rules of Skopostheorie

     According to views by German functionalist translation school, translation is a communicative activity with a strong purpose and the translator’s task is to achieve effective communication between different cultural groups。 Throughout the development of Skopostheorie in western world and the process of translating and writing an introduction, affirming, spreading, accepting and criticizing in Chinese academic circle。 It focuses on three rules: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule。 The level of the three is not the same, coherence rule is higher than fidelity rule; meanwhile, both of them are subordinated to skopos rule。