试析建构主义理论在商务翻译中的应用(4)
The theoretical basis of Constructivist Translatology was guided by the theory of Communication Rationality. It indicated that the aim of mutual understanding is identity. Moreover, the basic implication of the Communication Rationality is the validity of language. People should fulfill three validity claims in the rational communication so as to achieve identity. They are the truthfulness of statement, the sincerity of intention and the understandability of expression. Therefore, as a participant in the communication, the speaker should express something that could be understood in order to make sure that the speaker and the listener could understand each other. Finally, they should reach a consensus. These three valid claims attach great importance to the practical translation activities.
2.2.3 Speech Act Theory
The speech act theory plays an important role in the real openness of translation. It is a technical term of the linguistics. John Austin put forward the Speech Act Theory and his student John Searle developed it. As Levinson said, “speech acts remain along with presupposition and implication in particular, one of the central phenomena that any general pragmatic theory must account for.”(1983:226).According to the Speech Art Theory, three acts should be assigned to the speech-act types: The first is the locutionary act, which is the act of uttering word, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. The second is the illocutionary act, which is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. It is the act performed in saying something. The third is the perlocutionary act, which is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. It is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. (Liu shaolong, 2012:190) Then John Searle put forward the five classifications of illocutionary speech acts: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. They are widely used in such acts as believing, suggesting, promising, warning and threatening.
Representatives state, believe, intention
Directives suggest, threaten, warn, invite
Commissives promise, undertake, swear
Expressives apologize, thank, congratulate
Declaratives name, declare a war
(Liu shaolong, 2012:190)
In the Speech Art Theory, Austin also set up the classification of the constatives and performatives. Constatives are descriptions of what the speaker is doing at the moment of speaking. If the uttering of the sentences is a part of the doing of action, the sentences are called performatives. (Liu shaolong, 2012:189)
2.2.4 Translation criteria of Constructivist Translatology
According to the Communicative Action and the Consensus Truth, Professor Lv Jun put forward the new translation criteria of Constructivist Translatology.
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