摘要:从土地制度层面上讲,均田制在中国封建社会具有极其重大的影响,对于现今社会,依然有值得我们思考借鉴的地方。均田制产生于北魏时期,从北魏一直到唐前期,它都是封建统治阶级实行的主要土地制度,直到唐天宝年间被“两税法”所取代。从存活时间长久便可以看出,均田制的积极意义非同小可,在很大程度上,它促进了古代劳动人民开垦农荒,田产纠纷得以减少,极大促进了我国的农业生产和农业发展,进而加强了专制主义中央集权。但均田制也存在着诸多弊端,导致了后期土地兼并现象十分严重。本文对北魏均田制进行详细研究,对均田制的内容、作用和地位、存在的问题进行分析。
摘要:北魏;均田制;土地制度;经济思想
On the system of average farmland in the Northern Wei Dynasty
Abstract:From the perspective of land system, the average land system has an extremely important influence in the feudal society of China, and it is still worthy of our consideration and reference to the present society. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, it was the main land system implemented by the feudal ruling class, until the Tang Tianbao period was replaced by the "two tax laws". As can be seen from the long survival time, the positive significance of the land equalization system is not small. To a great extent, it has promoted the ancient working people to reclaim the wasteland of agriculture and reduce the disputes over land production, which has greatly promoted the agricultural production and agricultural development in our country. Thus strengthening the centralization of autocracy. . However, there are many drawbacks in the land system, which leads to the serious phenomenon of land annexation in the later stage. This paper makes a detailed study on the system of averaging farmland in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and analyzes the content, function and status of the system.
Key Words:The Northern Wei Dynasty ;System of land equalization ; The reform of the Sinicization ;Land system; Economic thought
目录
摘要 1
Abstract 2
前言 4
一 、北魏实行均田制的背景和原因 4
二、均田制的内容及性质 6
(一)均田制的内容 6
(二)均田制的性质 7
三、均田制的作用和地位 9
四、均田制存在的问题 10
五、 均田制所体现的经济思想 11
结语 12
参考文献 13
前言
北魏均田制是特殊历史背景下的产物,对于北魏的社会发展起到了巨大的促进作用。通过将农民束缚在土地,它在一定程度上维持了社会稳定,保障了北魏朝廷对国家的掌控,同时促进了封建经济的发展。作为特定背景下的形成的土地制度,北魏均田制在一定时间内持续发挥作用,并为后世王朝所沿袭。随着社会环境的发展和改变,均田制逐渐暴露出诸多问题,弊端日益显现,在唐中期已然无法满足社会需要,被取代淘汰也就成为历史发展的必然趋势。均田制对后世的土地制度影响深远,在历史上具有重要意义,它的内容和其中所体现的经济思想值得我们去研究。
一 、北魏实行均田制的背景和原因
均田制的产生有其特殊历史背景,三国之后,西晋王朝一度实现了短暂统一,但混乱的政局并不足以支撑长久的安定,晋廷内部争斗剧烈,国家战乱纷争,八王之乱、永嘉之祸、五胡乱华等一系列事件使得民生凋敝,百姓流离,农业荒废,经济凋零,中原社会处于极度萧条的气氛之中。 经过五胡十六国的争斗,少数民族鲜卑拓跋部建立的北魏政权统一北方,形成南北对峙的局面。北魏拓跋氏所接手的中原,无疑是一片破败之墟,荒地成片,十分萧索。但恰恰是这些无主荒地的存在,为北魏政府推行均田制提供了充足的客观条件。大量无人打理的荒地被北魏朝廷收归国有,均田制的实行有了保障。